Even before his father's death, probably in the fourth year of his co-regency, he changed his name from Amenhotep, meaning "Amun is satisfied," to Akhenaten, probably meaning "of service to Aten.". Akhenaten changed both religion and art in ancient Egypt. The new temples were built entirely of relatively small blocks of sandstone of uniform size, known as talatat, apparently for speed in constructionan understandable convenience, considering the scale of the project. He ordered the name of the previous god to be scrubbed from all official buildings and writings, to the point that some instances of his father's pharaonic name were destroyed because it began with 'Amen.' Priests of Amun who had the time and resources hid statuary and texts from the palace guards sent to destroy them and then abandoned their temple complexes. Although there is no recorded dissension or push back from the people while the king lived, once he was gone, everything was disassembled. The Egyptologist Zahi Hawass writes: Dating to this point in Akhenaten's reign was a campaign to excise the name of gods other than the Aten, especially Amun, from the monuments of Egypt. A> Akhenaten, formerly Amenhotep IV, an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, who was married to Nefertiti, worshiped the Egyptian god Aten, renamed himself, wrote the Hymn to Aten, and, therefore, could be considered one of the first monotheists. Cu MIX za . All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. A kind of "Gladiator" set in the desert, it tells the story of Moses (played by Christian Bale), the Hebrew orphan raised in blissful ignorance and wealth in Pharaoh's palace. Amenhotep IV broke with tradition and held his first sed festival in his second or third year as pharaoh. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Akhenaton, Akhnaton, Amenhotep IV, Amenophis IV, Ikhnaton. Thank you! Amarna Letter from Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep IIIOsama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright). Dr. Doom learned Akhenaten's origins, and traveled back in time to slay him before he gained power, but Akhenaten anticipated this and foiled him. During his reign the city of Akhetaten was abandoned and Amun and the other gods were reinstated. Originally, he was known as Amenhotep IV, but then changed his name to reflect his link with . AKHENATON. What is certain, though, is this new religion elevated the Aten to the position of state deity and centered largely on its worship. Of course foreigners, in turn, came to live in Egypt, bringing new customs and ideas. Abstract. In 1334 B.C., after a 17 year reign, Akhenaten was abducted by the alien Cosmic Order, who had two millennia before discovered and accessed the vast power of the Heart of the Infinite. Amenhotep's jubilee didn't celebrate Amun, Ptah, Thoth, or Osiris; there was only one god represented: Re, the sun god. - Stories, Character Traits & Analysis, Xenophanes of Colophon: Philosophy, Quotes & Biography, Empress Theodora: Biography, Facts & Quotes, Execution by Guillotine: Definition & Invention, Charles Martel: Biography & Battle of Tours, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Yet no other pharaohsave perhaps his son . Several scholars have suggested that a skeleton found in tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings could belong to Akhenaten, because the tomb contained numerous grave goods (including the coffin in which the remains were found) belonging to Akhenaten and other Amarna period figures. When the pharaoh began openly preferring Aten to Amen-Re, it was a subtle attack on the stature of Amen-Re and the power of its priests. Scholars have argued in favor of monotheism, henotheism, agnosticism and almost everything in between. There is some evidence that at the urging of Tiy, the queen mother, Akhenaten made compromises to placate the different factions growing within Egyptian society. Akhenaten ruled between 1353 BC and 1336 BC, and during his reign much changed in his kingdom. How Did Akhenaten Revolutionized Art. Akhenaten's dedication to Aten died with him. It is more plausible that these formal exaggerations represent the metamorphic nature of the god Atons light. Pharaoh Amenhotep IV was one of the most puzzling pharaohs of Egypt, also mentioned as the 'Heretic Pharaoh' or 'Rebel Pharaoh'. Akhenaten was a pharaoh of Egypt who reigned over the country for about 17 years between roughly 1353 B.C. His father had built his authority on the basis of being a divine representative of Re, the Egyptian sun god. Monotheism or Monopoly? Akhenaten is a name that doesn't come up in casual conversation unless one happens to be an admirer of ancient Egyptian culture. NEW TRAILER: Marvel's 'Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur' coming to Disney+, January 18's New Marvel Comics: The Full List, 'Ant-Man and The Wasp: Quantumania': Tickets On Sale Now, Storm Faces the Full Destructive Potential of Her Omega-Level Powers in Electrifying New Solo Series. What religious reforms did Akhenaten make? Life in his palace at Akhetaten seems to have been his primary concern. After a brutal reign of 17 years, Akhenaten died and his successorwho may have been Nefertitiimmediately but slowly began dismantling the physical elements of Akhenaten's religion. A sculptor's model of Akhenaten, in Amarna style, c. 1353-1337 BCE, via The Louvre, Paris. In Hinduism, the Absolute Spirit is known as. Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypts New Kingdom. His son succeeded him as Pharaoh, only to be murdered by General Horemheb, who eradicated all traces of Akhenaten and restored worship of the gods of old. Even the cosmic Eternity and Infinity were blinded to Akhenaten's existence. Akhenaten encouraged artistic inventiveness and realism and the walls of the temples and houses were painted in an eccentric new style. There is some evidence that he took the legendary beauty Nefertiti as a consort while he was co-king, although she is not acknowledged as queen until after Amenhotep IV began his transformation. Tushratta, the king of Mitanni, who had also been a close ally of Egypt, complained that Amenhotep III had sent him statues of gold while Akhenaten only sent gold-plated statues. Hirst, K. Kris. In art, Akhenaten's reign also ushered in a decidedly different style. Scribes jot down the words of the . Unlike the images from other dynasties of Egyptian history, the art from the Amarna Period depicts the royal family with elongated necks and arms and spindly legs. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. From documents and letters of the time, it is known that other nations, formerly allies, wrote numerous times asking Egypt for help in various affairs and that most of these requests were ignored by the deified king. Scholars have speculated that he was perhaps a eunuch or a sufferer from a genetic disorder or . The Amarna Period is the most controversial era in Egyptian history and has been studied, debated, and written about more than any other. This image of the Aten as an all-powerful, all-loving, deity, supreme creator and sustainer of the universe, is thought to have had a potent influence on the later development of monotheistic religious faith. That Amenhotep IV was personally involved in these changes seems clear: the biographical text of one of the reigns master sculptors indicates that he was instructed by the king himself. However, in the fifth year, he underwent a dramatic religious transformation, changed his devotion from the cult of Amun to that of Aten, and, for the next twelve years, became famous (or infamous) as the 'heretic king' who abolished the traditional religious rites of Egypt and instituted the first known monotheistic state religion in the world and, according to some, monotheism itself. He built an entirely new capital, Amarna, some 200 miles north of the Egyptian capital of Thebes and ordered the relocation. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pharaoh Akhenaten died in his seventeenth year on the throne and his reforms did not survive for much longer. While there are, then, examples of Akhenaten looking after state affairs, there are more which substantiate the claim of his disregard for anything other than his religious reforms and life in the palace. 3.3 Transfer of Capital to Akhetaten: Political and Religious Motives. The royal tomb intended for Akhenaten at Amarna did not contain a royal burial, which prompts the question of what happened to the body. He reigned from c. 1353 to 1336 BC, and he is best known for his dramatic changes to traditional Egyptian religion. Reign: 1350 - 1334 BC. Here, you will find everything about the history of King Akhenaten including: The New Kingdom (c. 1570- c.1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history Nefertiti (c. 1370 - c. 1336 BCE) was the wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten Ankhsenamun (born c. 1350 BCE and known as Ankhesenpaaten in youth Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Amun-Ra) is the ancient Egyptian Tutankhamun (also known as Tutankhamen and `King Tut', r. c.1336-c.1327 Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and Akhenaten's ruthless leadership history and vision for the future made him an ideal candidate. This was probably carried out, at least in part, by illiterate iconoclasts, presumably following the orders of their king. Cite This Work Whether one regards Akhenaten as a hero or villain in Egypt's history, his elevation of the Aten to supremacy changed not only that nation's history, but the course of world civilization. When Amenhotep IV took the throne in 1352 or 1353 B.C.E., Egypt was arguably the most prosperous and dominant state in the ancient world. In Akhenaten's new religion, this figure generally came to be represented . 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Amenhotep IV may have been co-regent with his father, Amenhotep III, and it has been noted that the sun-disk known as the 'Aten' is displayed on a number of inscriptions from this period of the earlier king's reign. Interest in Tutankhamun spread to the family of the 'golden king' and so attention was brought to bear again on Akhenaten after almost 4,000 years. (2014, April 17). Queen Nefertiti, famous from her portrait bust, is thought to have been an Asian princess from Mitanni. Akhenatens forefathers also showed interest in the Aten, devoting several sights to different versions of the sun disk. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Each day, Akhenaten and Nefertiti processed in their chariots from one end of the city to the other, mirroring the journey of the sun across the sky. Amenhotep III celebrated three, beginning with his 30th year as pharaoh. Freud recognizes that the cult of Aten existed long before Akhenaten raised it to prominence but points out that Akhenaten added a component unknown previously in religious belief: "He added the something new that turned into monotheism, the doctrine of a universal god: the quality of exclusiveness" (24). ), Unlock the world of Marvel Digital Comics! His mother was Tiyi. The pharaoh as a servant of the gods, and identified with a certain god (most often Horus), was common practice in ancient Egyptian culture, but no one before Akhenaten had proclaimed himself an actual god incarnate. So, logically, it follows that the stylistic choices in art . Near the main precinct of the god Amon at Karnak, he founded several new temples dedicated to Re-Harakhte, who was now provided with a lengthy epithet placed in two royal cartouches and was described as the light which is in the suns disk (aton). Moreover, the new god, Aton, was no longer portrayed in anthropomorphic form but as the suns disk itself, elevated to the heavens and extending its multiple rays down over the royal family. Genetic testing has determined that the man buried in KV55 was Tutankhamun's father,[19] but its identification as Akhenaten has since been questioned. However, one pharaoh tried to overthrow these gods and replace them with his own system. Akhenaten's attempt to suppress one god and advance another in a culture that reveled in a complex pantheon of ever-changing deities did not endure. Later, the faces of both he and Nefertiti are drawn down, their limbs thin and elongated and their bodies bloated. Pharaoh Akhenaten. The first works commissioned by the king appeared in the traditional Theban style, employed by nearly every 18th dynasty pharaoh preceding him. Images of pharaohs before and after this period depict the ruler as a solitary figure engaged in hunting or battle or standing in the company of a god or his queen in dignity and honor. We know very little about Akhenaten's early life, except that he was born in Egypt's 18th Dynasty at some point in the mid-14th century BCE. To those who came after him in Egypt, however, he was the 'heretic king' and 'the enemy' whose memory needed to be eradicated. Hi Andriana, Great question! Powerhouse X-Men creator Ann Nocenti teams up with Sid Kotian for 'Storm' #1 this May. Amenhotep IV likely ascended to the throne of Egypt as a teenager. As Dorman (2015) confirms, architectural developments which occurred at this time revolved around the Pharaoh's radical religious . Because of the many Jews in his court, many of whom were highly placed he introduced a monotheistic religion and carried out a religious reform in which Aten, the sun-god, was the only god. Instead, Akhenaten began his reign as Amenhotep IV, the son of Amenhotep III. Akhenaten further reshaped Egypts religious sphere through the persecution of some traditional gods, most notably Amun Egypts state deity for much of the 18th dynasty. Amenhotep III ruled over a land whose priesthood, centered on the god Amun, had been steadily growing in power for centuries. But this religious and artistic renaissance was short lived; Akhenaten made himself unpopular by closing the old temples, and his lack of enthusiasm for the practical duties of kingship was detrimental to Egypts Imperial interests. Akhenaton started his reign as most Egyptian kings. Akhenaten Stelewikipedia user: Maksim (Public Domain). Tutankhamun eventually returned Egypt to its traditional values and Akhenatens memory was erased. Akhenaten dies: 1335 BC 2. By the time Akhenaten took the throne, his family had been ruling Egypt for nearly two hundred years and had established a huge empire dominating Palestine, Phoenicia, and Nubia. Aten was the life-giving and life-sustaining power of the sun. However, before he could complete his efforts, Akhenaten died suddenly, in 1336 B.C.E. Eventually, dissatisfied priests and civil officials combined with the army to discredit the new religion. He moved his capital from Thebes to a place now called Tell el-Amarna or Amarna, more than 200 miles (300 km) north, on a desert bay on the east side of the Nile River. Brought up in the palace, he would likely have been assigned retainers to educate him. (45). The Wilbour Plaque, limestone plaque, c. 1352-1336 BCE, Brooklyn Museum . 1379 BCE). Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The funerary religion of Osiris was dropped, and Akhenaten became the source of blessings for people after death. It had several royal greater-than-lifesized statues made in a new art style, located north of the temple of Amun, and near a mudbrick palace for the king. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/akhenaten-4769554. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. L04: Reading Quiz (Taking this quiz unlocks Lesson 4.2) Due No due date Points 2 Questions 2 Time Limit None Instructions You A hallmark of any monotheistic belief system, however, is that it encourages the belief that, in order for it to be right, other systems must necessarily be wrong. EA SPORTS teamed up with Marvel to create a custom comic representing 21 unforgettable football legends as Marvel-inspired Heroes befitting the pages of a Marvel comic book. Those 'old tribal deities' of Egypt, however, had encouraged peace, harmony, and the development of one of the greatest ancient cultures the world has ever known. Note: Akhenaten is distinguished from the earlier Amenhotep, later a vampire in the Legion of the Unliving. It is simply the Egyptian word 'mose' meaning 'child', and is an abridgement of a fuller form of such names as 'Amen-mose' meaning 'Amon-a-child' or 'Ptah-mose' meaning 'Ptah-a-child'and the name Mose, 'child', is not uncommon on the Egyptian monuments. Akhenaten (1367-1350 B.C.) Get rewarded for doing what you already do as a fan., Earn points for what you already do as a Marvel fan and redeem for cool rewards as a, (Points/Rewards program available to U.S. residents only. Among the surviving works of this period are the colossal statues of Akhenaten, the paintings from his private residence, the bust of his wife Nefertiti, and that of his mother, Queen Tiy. Amenhotep III's heir was to be his eldest son, Thutmosis, but when he died unexpectedly, Amenhotep IV was made heir and at one point co-regent to his father for perhaps the last two or three years of his reign. At one point the mutant Apocalypse posed as Aten during a meeting with Akhenaten. Akhenaten's obsession did not outlast his death, and after he died in 1336 B.C.E. The king most likely died during his 17th regnal year, as this is the highest date attested for him. He demanded more and more temples to be built as rapidly as possiblethe South Cemetery at Amarna contains the remains of children whose bones show evidence of hard physical labor. Hammurabi's Code is significant chiefly because it. G Sioen / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images. Whether such statues were intended to represent the male and female element combined in the person of the divine king or whether they are simply statues of Nefertiti has not been satisfactorily settled. Universe, Other Aliases, Education, Place of Origin, Identity, Known Relatives. Cr. Akhenaten remains an interesting figure, as does his Queen, Nefertiti. The pharaoh Akhenaten worshiped only the sun god, Aten. Akce tdne. 13341325, a child of the consort known as the "Younger Wife") and the earliest 19th dynasty pharaohs led by Horemheb (ruled ca. Shortly after this first significant step, Akhenaten initiated a series of changes in Egyptian religion, art and writing that appeared to coincide with the jubilees of his deified father, Amenhotep III, and the Aten. Few scholars now agree with the contention that Amenhotep III associated his son Amenhotep IV on the throne for several years of coregency; it is assumed here, in accordance with general scholarly consensus, that the older king died before his son gained power. His odd appearance in representations that he commissioned and his preoccupation with worshiping the sun-disc, or Aten, have stimulated a vast amount of academic discussion and controversy for more than . Akhenaten took the throne in 1352 or 1353 B.C.E. Things took a turn for the worse for Akhenaten when he held a massive celebration in the 12th year of his reign dedicated to Aten. He also became estranged from Nefertiti. Within the first few years of his rule, Amenhotep IV introduced sweeping changes in the spheres of religion, architecture, and art (see Amarna style). Suggested dates for Akhenaten's reign (subject to the debates surrounding Egyptian chronology) are from 1353 BC-1336 BC or 1351 BC-1334 BC. Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton, meaning "the Servant of Aten" early in his reign. As a replacement for a 2,000-year-old tradition, Akhenaten's religion lacked some important underpinnings, in particular, an afterlife. Amarna Letter from Burna-Buriash II to Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and the Royal Family Blessed by Aten. The Amarna Letters, (correspondence found in the city of Amarna between the kings of Egypt and those of foreign nations) which provide evidence of Akhenaten's negligence, also show him to have a keen sense of foreign policy when the situation interested him. Akhenaten's mother, Queen Tiye, and one of his daughters died shortly after. On its walls were pictured the transformation of Amenophis III to the godly sphere, and the renaming of his son fromAmenophis ("the god Amun is content") to Akhenaten ("he who is effective on the Aten's behalf.". Although Akhenatens reign saw sweeping religious reforms and particular artistic developments, his legacy crumbled under later pharaohs. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Tutors may have included the Egyptian high priest Parennefer (Wennefer); his uncle, the Heliopolitan priest Aanen; and the builder and architect known as Amenhotep son of Hapu. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street, New York, 10028-0198. "Akhenaten." For nearly two millennia, Akhenaten danced with insanity. Sigmund Freud, in his 1939 CE work Moses and Monotheism, argues that Moses was an Egyptian who had been an adherent of the cult of Aten and was driven from Egypt following Akhenaten's death and the return to the old religious paradigm. He ruled for 17 years during the 18th Dynasty and came to be known by some fascinating names, including Great Heretic , The Heretic Pharaoh, and Rebel Pharaoh . ruled an Egyptian empire, extending into Syria, Palestine and the Sudan . Egypt's standing in the ancient world suffered during Akhenaten's reign. By the time Amenhotep IV came to power, the priests of Amun were on almost equal standing with the royal house in wealth and influence. The gods and practices of the various cults all represented the same end: eternal harmony and balance. The pharaoh as a servant of the gods, & identified with a certain god was common practice, but no one before Akhenaten had proclaimed himself an actual god. Akhenaten, also spelled Akhenaton, Akhnaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, Greek Amenophis, king (135336 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the suns disk (hence his assumed name, Akhenaten, meaning beneficial to Aton). View L04 Reading Quiz.pdf from PHIL 119 at Pennsylvania State University. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The art Hawass references is another important deviation of the Amarna Period from earlier and later Egyptian eras. Ruins of Pharaoh Akhenaton's capital Tell el-Amarna (Akhetaten). What, then, was this new religion that motivated Akhenaten to upend so many elements of Egyptian society? Neighboring kings in the Mediterranean were invited, as were nobles and the general populace. King Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) King Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV was the great Egyptian pharaoh for the 18th dynasty for 17 years and died in 1336 B.C. According to Egyptian Mythology he descended from the gods who arrived on Earth at the time of Tep Zepi and until today, people still believe that this Pharaoh did, in fact, come from the Stars. Together they had at least six daughters. Among other things, these state that if he were to die outside of his home city, his body should be brought back and buried in the tomb that was being prepared for him in the eastern cliffs. Such was the case for Egypt with Pharaoh Akhenaten. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Akhenaten/. Amenhotep IV moved his seat of power from the traditional palace at Thebes to one he built at the city he founded, Akhetaten, changed his name to Akhenaten, and continued the religious reforms which resulted in his being despised as `the heretic king' by some later writers while admired as a champion of monotheism by others. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. And the same year, Akhenaten became a true fanatic. Eventually acclimating to his cosmic role, Akhenaten earned the Cosmic Order's full trust and mastered the Heart's power over two millennia more. Elongated, spindly limbs and narrow eyes figure prominently in depictions of the royal family during this period, causing some scholars to wonder whether Akhenaten had a medical condition such as Marfan syndrome. One of the earliest landmarks of Paleolithic culture is. Akhenaten was an intellectual and philosophical revolutionary who had the power and wealth to indulge his ideas. Many historians agree that Egypt's status in the ancient world fell during Akhenaten's reign. Each ray ended in a tiny hand with which the Aton might offer the sign of life to the king and queen or even embrace their limbs and crowns. There is no doubt that his attention to this problem served the interests of the state but, as other similar issues were ignored, it seems that he only chose those situations which interested him personally. During his first regnal year, Amenhotep IV ruled from Thebes, the traditional seat of power in Egypt, and remained there for five years, calling it the "southern Heliopolis, the first great seat of Re." Was Akhenaten a reactionary, creating the new religion to consolidate his power, raise his status and make him more famous than any pharaoh before. Their secret revealed by the Hulk's rampage, they nonetheless located the Heart and severed the Order's instrumentation. However, by Year 9 of his reign Akhenaten declared that Aten was not merely the supreme god, but the only . At the beginning of his reign, the young pharaoh, Amenhotep IV, still worshiped the old gods, especially Amun of Thebes and the sun god, Re-Harakhte. He abandoned work on a temple dedicated to Re-Harakhte and began to build a new temple to worship the sun god Aten. How did Egyptian art change under Akhenaten? He created a new monotheistic religion devoted to a single god named the Aten. Akhenaten: The Mysteries of Religious Revolution, The face of Akhenaten, with characteristic exaggerated features, on an unfinished sculptors trial piece from Amarna, Talatat block used by Pharaoh Akhenaten, Luxor Museum, Egypt. Atenism, however, was a very exclusive religion confined to the royal family, with the king as the only mediator between man and god. Since answer choice B refers to the evidence that the argument relies on, let's look at that evidence. The new city had many spacious villas with trees, pools, and gardens. We also examine his actions in foreign policy and the changes in Egyptian art during his reign. The religion of the Aten is not completely understood today. Akhenaten: Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt. World History Encyclopedia. Biography of Queen Nefertiti, Ancient Egyptian Queen, Most Important Figures in Ancient History, Dynastic Egypt Timeline - 2,700 Years of Change in Egyptian Society, The Symbolism Behind the Double Crown of Egypt, Pharaoh Thutmose III and the Battle of Megiddo, Egyptian View of Death and Their Pyramids, Old Kingdom: Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom Period, Step Pyramid of Djoser - Ancient Egypt's First Monumental Pyramid, The Ptolemies: Dynastic Egypt From Alexander to Cleopatra, The Kingdom of Kush: Sub-Saharan African Rulers of the Nile, Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenaten's Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna, Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes. Under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike s model of Akhenaten, in Amarna style, by. The first works commissioned by the Hulk 's rampage, they nonetheless located the and... S look at that evidence and civil officials combined with the army to discredit new. 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