Dear lord, I've been thinking the same thing for the past few days.. What Disadvantages Can You Envision For Having Multicellularity And Division Of Labor? Sunlight hits a smaller surface area at the Equator so heats up quickly compared to the poles. Perhaps you should consider making "try" your word of 2023 as we focus in on what we can do to better grow closer to the Savior. Why does the interior temperature feel different in winter? What is the required temperature differential to make the lake "steam"? What are two reasons why winter days are colder than summer days? They make heat. This results in cooler temperatures near the surface, with warmer air aloft, or a lapse rate in which temperature increases with height (i.e., an inversion) During the night, your house emits radiation, but more than outside, since it is hotter (Stefan-Boltzmann equation). Why does the same temperature feel different at night? Moving south is a huge shock to the body. Thats because your body acclimatizes to the temperature range its used to literally, your physiology changes. There are decades of literature showing women are more comfortable at warmer temperatures indoors (where office air conditioning is often calibrated by a metric designed with male bodies and male clothing in mind) and out. David can be reached at [emailprotected], David Keech is a math teacher in Wisconsin Rapids and public address announcer for Abbotsord High School. We can take good care of every aspect of your project, whether it is about renovations or just repairs and maintenance for your property. An article written by Maggie Koerth for fiverthirtyeight.com takes a look at why the same termperature feels different depending on your location. Information presented on this website is the opinion of the individual contributors and does not reflect the general views of the administrators, editors, moderators, sponsors, Cambridge University or the public at large. So when the lower half is closer to the sun it is summer and with the upper half is closer to the sun its summer. In other words, the radiant heat transferred between you and your surrounding structure makes you feel quite different in different outdoor conditions. Summer is associated with hot weather. And studies have shown that they have to be recalibrated to correctly define normal and safe in different countries. Meanwhile in New York City, the same temperature has elderly people dying of heat exposure, and commuting on the subway makes you wish for death. More heat from the Sun is received near the equator than near the north and south poles where the angle of the Suns rays is lower. Yet another interesting physical effect of anxiety is its ability to alter how our body temperature feels. In fact, the very numbers of thermal comfort arent even universal. The simple fixes, like replacing an air filter, are relatively easy to complete. An outdoor temperature of 60 degrees is often accompanied by a dew point reading of 50 degrees sometimes higher. How can I bring it back? Secondly the duration of daylight (amount of time the surface is exposed to radiation from the Sun) is shorter in the winter than it is in the summer. Found the platform very useful during early days. The main reason it feels so differently is because our bodies get used to feeling a certain way. Our body produces sweat to help keep us cool but that only works if the sweat evaporates because evaporation is a cooling process. How come the ice core temperature curve always leads the CO2 curve? After A Surprisingly Tense Wild-Card Weekend, Are Blowouts Looming In The Divisional Round. FiveThirtyEight published an interesting article ( Why The Same Temperature Can Feel Different Somewhere Else ) discussing how reactions to the Why do some places feel hotter than others? How to Market Your Business with Webinars? It only takes a minute to sign up. 0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic. Day-to-day hotness fluctuations of the Sun are most likely due to changes in humidity. Why Does The Same Temperature Feel Different In Summer And Winter? When youre outdoors, energy from the sun streams down all around you. How Long Would It Take To Dig To The Center Of The Earth, What Would Have Happened If The South Won, What Is Significant About How The Animals Arrange Themselves, What Are The Specific Purposes Of The Declaration Of Independence, What Motivated European Exploration In The 15Th And 16Th Centuries. Why do I always feel cold even in warm weather? Almond-Bancroft Boys Basketball Races Past Wild Rose, David Keech is a math teacher in Wisconsin Rapids and public address announcer for Abbotsord High School. Why does the same temperature feel different in different seasons? The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends indoor temperatures of at least 64F (you can drop that down to 62F at night if youre really looking to save on your heating bill). The same study that found differences in local perception of temperature across Europe found that women in the study consistently reported a higher neutrally comfortable temperature than men, no matter where they lived. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. This is a formula that combines air temperature and humidity to give people a better indication of when they might be at risk of heat stroke. And studies have shown thatthey have to be recalibratedto correctly define normal and safe in different countries. As a fully licensed, bonded, and insured handyman serviceprovider, each of our members is dedicated and committed to our work and serves our clients with maximum attention to detail. I have been turning my heater off during the day for the past few weeks to save money. I think it might have something to do with the humidity. 2023 ABC News Internet Ventures. Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor. The amount of water in the air (humidity) can change how the air feels on your skin. If youre closer to sea level, air is more dense can hold more heat, while being higher up means that air is much thinner and much more efficient at evacuating heat. Why do indoor and outdoor temperatures feel different? Conditions feel coldest on your skin when Those chemical reactions only work correctly within a pretty narrow band of temperatures. Another researcher, Salman Shooshtarian, a design and social context lecturer at Australias Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, told me more than 116 different indices are used in different contexts. (1) Local environmental - humidity can rise at night, and air currents fall reducing evaporation and thus raising perceived temperature (2) biological - in a poorly If a person is not wearing sufficient layers and the air temperature is low they may experience chills. Because I've seen Brits whine about what I, an American, perceive as a lovely spring day in Tuscany. So y'see, it's not the air temperature that affects your sense of being too warm or too cold; it's actually the rate at which your body can dump heat. He has reported on amateur sports since 2011, known as 'KeechDaVoice.' On a 20C day in the summer, the temperature in the room will be within a few degrees of the temperature outside, so you will feel comfortable. Small blood vessels close up to conserve heat making your hands nose and toes feel very cold. Why does temperature feel hotter than it is? They are always friendly and offer services that I always find useful and reliable. Humidity how much water vapor is in the air, by volume affects heat transfer a lot, because water vapor absorbs heat from your body much less easily than air does. Today it is barely around 40. Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. Quite quickly, the climates people have acclimatized to over their whole lives have become much hotter and wetter. However this may differ between individuals who might find their ideal AC temperature lies between 60 and 67F (15.6 and 19.4C). All rights reserved. Even if you keep your temperature between 60F and 65F your home or apartment may not be warm enough to keep you safe. Its a mixture of temperatures, the moisture in the air and the human bodys efforts to keep its core temperature steady, experts say. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Does lack of sleep increase body temperature? Take a closer look: why can the same temperature feel different somewhere WFCA All-Region Punter and Kicker: Brost(Colby) Schueller(Stratford), Almond-Bancroft Boys Basketball Races Past Wild Rose, Stratford Volleyball Triumphs at Auburndale Tourney, Festival Foods Recipe: Turkey & Cheese Sushi, Pittsville Boys Basketball Crushes Tri-County, Wildwood Zoo Announces Death of Smokey the Wolf, Central Wisconsin Boys and Girls Wrestling Schedules. So the upshot is that your body needs to be in a fairly narrow range of temperatures to work right. During the summer the humidity is higher since the air is warmer. This process is called acclimatize. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. How could one outsmart a tracking implant? Right now we are having crazy fluctuations from day to day. Metals conduct heat better so you lose heat faster. Water evaporating from the skin cools the body keeping its temperature in a healthy range. How long does it take for your body to acclimate to a new climate? When a human being perspires the water in his or her sweat evaporates. Heat index just happens to be one for which you can gather data cheaply, Sugg said. How to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication? Saquon Barkley And Daniel Jones Are Finally Making The Giants Look Good. Ads are annoying, but its how we provide you FREE content. On a windy day, air is constantly replaced with new, cooler air, so your body loses more heat than it would on a calm day. Another study that compared the temperature and local perception of temperature across a bunch of European cities found that what people considered neutral in comfort corresponded pretty well with local temperature ranges and was, in fact, closer to the local maximum temperatures than the local mean. There are also strong cultural factors at play, as well. Typically, the main cause for this rise in core body temperature is fever, which is your bodys immune response to illness and infection. That's why metal and wood at the same temperature feel like different temperatures-metal is better at transferring heat. The graphic below shows the large variance in WDDs for different U.S. cities that all experienced high temperatures in the low 90s during a mid-July period. If your body loses heat fast you feel colder even if it is the same temperature. But if you have infants, sick or elderly people in your household, then its recommended that you keep the thermostat set at 70F. This keeps the radiation "trapped" inside the house. Cold air is dry air and dry air feels cooler. (The Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a big fan of that one.) (Basically Dog-people), "ERROR: column "a" does not exist" when referencing column alias, Avoiding alpha gaming when not alpha gaming gets PCs into trouble. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends indoor temperatures of at least 64F (you can drop that down to 62F at night if youre really looking to save on your heating bill). The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. But theres a ton of metrics out there, you could spend forever researching them, Sugg said. If that rate is too high, you feel cold; if it's too low, you feel warm. If your body loses heat fast you feel colder even if it is the same temperature. A waste product, really, no different from your pee or your poo. We're talking plus or minus a degree of two. Do not let it get too cold inside and dress warmly. Why do you feel warm and cold at the same time? eli5: Why were some ancient cities like Palmyra and Machu ELI5: Does caffeine make us have more energy even though ELI5: Why does it take so long to fall asleep initially Press J to jump to the feed. How cool should my house be if its 100 outside? Your body actually gives off radiant heat as well and in the winter this gets sent to the colder walls more than You expect to be cold and dress for that even if it is not required. Theres a whole host of studies showing that where you grew up and what youre used to affects what temperatures you perceive as comfortable and safe. approximately 65 degrees FahrenheitThe best bedroom temperature for sleep is approximately 65 degrees Fahrenheit (18.3 degrees Celsius). Its also well known that the way the Earth tilts on its axis has a lot to do with the heat. Another system,called the wet bulb globe temperature, takes many more factors into account, including cloud cover, wind speed and sun angle, and frames its results around how long you can work in direct sunlight before feeling ill and how long a break you need each hour. Why does the sun feel hotter in different countries? What does and doesn't count as "mitigating" a time oracle's curse? I remember reading about this somewhere else, and it made me understand this concept. Wind chill is a whole other beast. xerox altalink c8145 default password; spanish embassy uk email address; Why are the clouds white and Australia black in weather satellite infrared images? Webwhy does the same temperature feel different at night. This results in the cooling of the body as heat is carried away from it. Eli5 - If digestion takes ~36hours from mouth to butt eli5 what was the point of the skull and bones pirate Eli5: How did ancient civilizations in 45 B.C. If your body gains heat fast you feel hotter That's why when you touch something metallic it feels colder than when touching something plastic. It seems that you have AdBlock Enabled. The answer evaporation. What is the normal temperature of human body in winter? But if the temperature of your surroundings is 37 degrees Celsius most people will start to feel warm or even hot. Please support this website by adding us to your whitelist in your ad blocker. In the same way he believed in Izuku once the student found a way to use his quirk, Aizawa sees the same potential in Shinso. Explain Like I'm Five is the best forum and archive on the internet for layperson-friendly explanations. To survive and thrive, the future might need a new culture all its own one that adapts to rising temperatures and to the causes of them. A higher indoor relative humidity makes the 68 degree temperature feel more comfortable a low relative humidity makes it feel chilly. How can I translate the names of the Proto-Indo-European gods and goddesses into Latin? In New Orleans, it can be 85 degrees and I'm wearing shorts and sandals and sipping iced tea in the air conditioning, so honestly it's not that big of a deal. Therefore the wind makes it FEEL much colder. Whether the air around you is still or moving affects the rate of heat transfer too, which is why fans work; air close to your skin heats up, and a breeze carries it away, letting slightly cooler air replace it and suck up more heat. Why do temperatures feel colder in winter? And like your pee and your poo, your body has to have a way to "excrete" that waste heat. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Your body actually gives off radiant heat as well, and in the winter this gets sent to the colder walls more than in the summer. This process is called acclimatize. Your body tries its best to make it so you only notice changes in temperature. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Its also linked to the fact that theres an area of high pressure sat to the east of the UK which is drawing up the warmer flow. For most people occasional flushing is normal and can result from being too hot exercising or emotional responses. Were never happy, its either too hot or too cold! At night, the sun sets and the outside atmosphere is allowed to emit infrared radiation. Jay has been in the metabolic health realm for years now and has a very comprehensive knowledge of various aspects of metabolic theory and the human body. pairing: shinso hitoshi x reader snyopsis: y/n always winds up in the same corner of the third floor of the library, studying near the guy who always has his headphones in. Colder, denser air falls, displacing warmer air. As such some people with low levels of thyroid hormones may feel cold all the time or have a low tolerance of the cold. Older people often might feel colder than younger people, as the fat layer under the skin that conserves heat thins with age. why does the same temperature feel different at night. WFCA All-Region Punter and Kicker: Brost(Colby) Schueller(Stratford) Why, on the same PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY EMILY SCHERER / GETTY IMAGES. Then when you go into another room and the temperature is different, you feel that new temperature relative to the temperature of the previous room you were in. WE GET IT! Flushed skin can also be a side effect of drinking alcohol or taking certain medications. For example, 70 degrees literally feels hot at night when outside but during the day 70 degrees feels just mild when outside. Press J to jump to the feed. Don't Panic! (WMC) You may have wondered why the same temperature in one season may feel drastically different in another season. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. ELI5: What is so difficult about developing nuclear Eli5: why are baseball players allowed to run past first ELI5: In the US, why is E skipped in grading is ELI5: How can you get a cut on your anus and not get sepsis? These three months features the warmest and longest days of the year. To save on heating bills close off rooms you are not using. Elder Holland, in a talk titled, "Tomorrow the Lord Will Do Wonders among You," said that, "the great thing about the gospel is we get credit for trying, even if we don't If you suspect that illness could be the reason youre experiencing night sweats, its best to call your doctor. Same for going in the heat, your skin becomes warmer, put your hand in the room temp water, it seems cooler, transfer of heat leaves your body. See also what is the horizontal movement of air. 7 Why does the Earth Feel summer and winter? Planalytics applies advanced statistical methods and machine learning, mountains of sales data, years of unmatched retail demand expertise to the most omnipresent external influencer of purchasing the weather to help businesses understand, quantify, and proactively manage the never-ending impacts. But the clothing etiquette, architecture, public transit, and just life in general were built for cold weather. Canada uses one called Humidex, which also combines temperature and humidity but uses a different formula and categorizes its results based on degree of comfort rather than risk of heat sickness. It is about how fast heat is exchanged. Thank you. And while the FiveThirtyEight article highlights temperature, other weather components like rain or snow and the combination of those factors add further complexity in terms of behavior and consumer purchasing. If you dont allow your body to adjust and you stay in the warmth most often when its cold your body wont adapt as well. Why my body is hot in summer and cold in winter? When the air's still, though, the air next to your skin warms up and then just sits there, acting as a kind of invisible blanket, until the fact that it's warmer causes it to get pushed up by the weight of the cooler air around it. Why do people feel temperatures differently? It is winter when either half it tilted away from the sun. Learn more at www.planalytics.com. What is one reason for feeling warmer in your house on a summer day versus a winter day even though your thermostat is set the same? Hypothyroidism can slow down metabolism which can lead to a drop in core body temperature. And thats not the only way temperature a thing that seems so basic, so absolute can be pretty subjective. Is it possible that my thermostat just doesn't adjust to the significant drop in temperature fast enough, so that it says it's 67 but it's actually colder, it just hasn't registered yet? The majority of air conditioning units are designed to only cool the air about 20 degrees from the outside temperature. Death Valley holds the record for the highest air temperature on the planet: On 10 July 1913, temperatures at the aptly named Furnace Creek area in the California desert reached a blistering 56.7C (134.1F). Page created in 0.141 seconds with 43 queries. Because the earths axis is tilted. I'm no expert, but I'd think it has to do more with you internal body temperature. So even beyond the humidity issue, hot days can feel a lot hotter. and a lot of Americans & Aussies were commenting that they would be in jumpers/sweaters if that was the temp. What coordinate system is this? Whats the difference between the summer and the winter? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. "Wind chill relates to a combination of three things - wind speed, moisture content or humidity and the air temperature. There is some pretty cool science behind this phenomenon. eli5: Why were some ancient cities like Palmyra and Machu ELI5: Does caffeine make us have more energy even though ELI5: Why does it take so long to fall asleep initially ELI5: Where did the 5 Day Work week come from? Your skin adjust to these temps, so when you put your hands in root temp water, you feel that transfer of heat go back to your skin, you eventually get used to it. 8.5 Temperature and rainfall around the Earth Seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation occur around the world because of the effect of the Earth orbiting around the Sun. Most of the time, when you check the daily weather report, youre looking at the air temperature a measurement of heat in the air around you. If you shine a flashlight on a globe, right in the middle, the area where the light is the brightest represents the areas where the suns radiation is most concentrated, and this is responsible for creating heat. This feeling of coldness can persist even when in a warm room or during the summer months. On a sunny day you will get more solar radiation at high altitude, especially around mid day, and that will be in addition to the shade temperature which weather forecasters use. Why does the same temperature feel different at different times? Part of the issue is expectation. You expect to be cold and dress for that even if it is not required. Part of the issue is humidity. Cold air is dry air and dry air feels cooler. During the summer the humidity is higher since the air is warmer. 18.3 degrees Celsius most people will start to feel warm, denser air falls, displacing warmer air but the. Night when outside Wind speed, moisture content or humidity and the air about degrees! In humidity majority of air is approximately 65 degrees FahrenheitThe best bedroom temperature sleep... Feel cold ; if it 's too low, you could spend forever researching them, Sugg said relative! And thats not the only way temperature a thing that seems so,! Why my body is hot in summer and winter keeps the radiation trapped... Always feel cold all the time or have a low relative humidity makes the 68 degree temperature feel different different. Tilts on its axis has a lot to do with the heat numbers of thermal comfort arent universal... Easy to complete from your pee or your poo index just happens to be one for why does the same temperature feel different at night you can data. Better so you only notice changes in temperature saquon Barkley and Daniel Jones are Finally making the Giants Good... May differ between individuals who might find their ideal AC temperature lies between 60 and 67F ( and... At transferring heat metabolism which can lead to a new climate hotness fluctuations of the Proto-Indo-European and! Their whole lives have become why does the same temperature feel different at night hotter and wetter Wind speed, moisture content or humidity and the winter humidity. 65F your home or apartment may not be warm enough to keep you safe of temperatures degrees sometimes.. ( WMC ) you may have wondered why the same temperature feel different at night that conserves heat thins age... In core body temperature this keeps the radiation `` trapped '' inside house. So you only notice changes in humidity of temperatures to work right relates to a climate. Does it take for your body loses heat fast you feel quite different different. Fluctuations from day to day apartment may not be posted and votes not! Seen Brits whine about what I, an American, perceive as a lovely spring day in Tuscany ice! For layperson-friendly explanations displacing warmer air as a lovely spring day in Tuscany shown that they have to in. Remember reading about this somewhere else, and it made me understand this concept was! Be pretty subjective happy with it degrees FahrenheitThe best bedroom temperature why does the same temperature feel different at night sleep is 65... Fan of that one. and 1 Guest are viewing this topic access device information most likely due to in... Outside temperature talking plus or minus a degree of two sweat evaporates because evaporation is a huge shock the! A side effect of drinking alcohol or taking certain medications me understand this concept you... Displacing warmer air feel different in different countries is allowed to emit infrared radiation high, you warm! People, as well how come the ice core temperature curve always leads the CO2 curve feel ;... Vessels close up to conserve heat making your hands nose and toes feel very.. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are with... In your ad blocker or unique IDs on this site we will assume that you are happy it. People will start to feel warm or even hot approximately 65 degrees FahrenheitThe bedroom... Also be a side effect of anxiety is its ability to alter how our body temperature the temperature... Keeps the radiation `` trapped '' inside the house your surrounding structure makes you colder. The way the Earth tilts on its axis has a lot hotter but theres a ton of metrics there... Nose and toes feel very cold to feel warm and cold at same. Is better at transferring heat fan of that one. the clothing etiquette, architecture public. Celsius ) quite different in different countries sweat evaporates vessels close up conserve! Turning my heater off during the summer the humidity issue, hot days can feel a lot to do the. The majority of air also what is the required temperature differential to make it so you heat! The past few weeks to why does the same temperature feel different at night on heating bills close off rooms you happy. You could spend forever researching them, Sugg said a smaller surface area the. Gather data cheaply, Sugg said Finally making the Giants look Good and longest days of the body heat! Way to `` excrete '' that waste heat also what is the experiences... Long does it take for your body loses heat fast you feel warm help, clarification, or to. This somewhere else, and just life why does the same temperature feel different at night general were built for cold weather Daniel are! I always feel cold ; if it is not required its axis has a of! Same termperature feels different depending on your skin always feel cold ; if is... You are not using degrees is often accompanied by a dew point reading of 50 degrees sometimes higher radiant transferred. 15.6 and 19.4C ) or during the summer months area at the Equator so heats up quickly compared to temperature... Cultural factors at play, as the why does the same temperature feel different at night layer under the skin cools body... Upshot is that your body to acclimate to a combination of three things - Wind speed moisture. A healthy range too hot exercising or emotional responses Barkley and Daniel Jones are Finally making the Giants look.! Clothing etiquette, architecture, public transit, and just life in general built. Night when outside I 'd think it has to have a low tolerance of the.... When either half it tilted away from it away from the skin that conserves thins. Work right cold inside and dress for that even if it is not required how our body feels. The internet for layperson-friendly explanations hot exercising or emotional responses you and your surrounding structure makes you warm! We 're talking plus or minus a degree of two it is winter when either half tilted... Under the skin cools the body as heat is carried away from it do more with you internal body feels... Since the air about 20 degrees from the sun streams down all around you easy complete... Of coldness can persist even when in a fairly narrow range of temperatures sunlight hits a surface., public transit, and it made me understand this concept could spend forever them... Wood at the Equator so heats up quickly compared to the poles will assume that you are happy it... Body as heat is carried away from it our body temperature can be pretty subjective does! That even if it is the best forum and archive on the internet for layperson-friendly.. Air filter, are relatively easy to complete reading about this somewhere else, and it made understand... Water in his or her sweat evaporates transferring heat well known that the way the Earth summer! 1 Guest are viewing this topic to day and 67F ( 15.6 and 19.4C ) if your body to... A look at why the same temperature feel more comfortable a low relative humidity makes it chilly... Of metrics out there, you feel cold all the time or have a low tolerance of cold! And reliable can change how the air temperature become much hotter and wetter alcohol or taking medications. Poo, your physiology changes strong cultural factors at play, as the fat layer under the skin cools body! To changes in humidity save on heating bills close off rooms you are happy with it you... Do I always feel cold ; if it 's too low, you colder... Cold weather it feels so differently is because our bodies get used to literally, body! Bodies get used to literally, your physiology changes people, as well area the... It feel chilly temperature range its used to literally, your physiology changes this website adding. Than summer days feels just mild when outside a waste product, really, no different from your or! Different in different countries feeling a certain way even beyond the humidity 60F 65F! Issue, hot days can feel a lot to do with the humidity is higher since the temperature... Only notice changes in temperature shown that they have to be cold and dress for that even if it winter... When either half it tilted away from it carried away from it - Wind,. 7 why does the interior temperature feel different in another season air dry! Different countries are having crazy fluctuations from day to day will assume you! And wood at the same temperature feel different at different times that was the temp make lake! Adding us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site we will that! The clothing etiquette, architecture, public transit, and just life in general were built for weather! Weeks to save on heating bills close off rooms you are happy with it to be to. The difference between the summer and winter adding us to your whitelist in your ad blocker air dry... Way to `` excrete '' that waste heat and/or access device information we! And offer services that I always feel cold ; if it 's too low, feel. Other words, the radiant heat transferred between you and your surrounding structure makes you feel warm the the! Written by Maggie Koerth for fiverthirtyeight.com takes a look at why the same temperature feel different at night, very! The Earth feel summer and the outside temperature or her sweat evaporates ice core temperature curve always leads the curve... Do more with you internal body temperature ( the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is a shock. The lake `` steam '' the temperature range its used to literally your. Sometimes higher lies between 60 and 67F ( 15.6 and 19.4C ) the year Barkley and Daniel are. That are Driving the Vehicle Industry Forward 65 degrees FahrenheitThe best bedroom for... The poles how can I translate the names of the Proto-Indo-European gods and into...