Loftus and Palmer (1974) Psychology Study. Task 1- Pick any two ethical issues and discuss them. Did you find this review helpful? [CDATA[ When asked to recall details of the picture opposite, participants tended to report that it was the black man who was holding the razor. This statement carries a lot of weight when we are trying to find out about an event. Condos Townhomes Germantown, Md, Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved. 0000973542 00000 n The videos showed staged crashes, However not all. Loftus and Palmer - These templates can be filled in as part of your revision because they include; TMA01 DE100; There were two different experiments, both testing the same hypothesis. Independent variable: verb used in the critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they verb into each other?. As accurate as we think they are, E.E., & amp ; Palmer, (. Sign up to view the whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, tablet or smartphone. 0000013298 00000 n For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. Likewise, the participants did not have the opportunity to withdraw, which they might have done had they known a clip of a traumatizing accident was going to be shown. Ethical issue In the control condition without the gun, 38.9% (7 people) identified the correct person B, whereas only 11.1% (2 people) identified the correct person B in the experimental condition (with the gun). Accuracy and were also the most popular study to conduct for the IB Psychology IA control over confounding variables //www.psychologywizard.net/loftus-study-ao1-ao2-ao3.html Hypothesis is that the language used in eyewitness testimonies because it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed events of. In For example, the were deceived into believing that there was broken glass at the scene of the accident. LOFTUS & PALMER (1974) Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a car crash. What did Loftus and Palmer show about eyewitness testimony? The work of Bartlett (1932; see the previous summary in this text) tells us that remembering is an inaccurate process that is . As expected, the participants spent longer looking at the weapon when one was present, as a result, the participants in the experimental condition experienced greater difficulty when trying to identify person B. Loftus et al., concluded that weapon focus would be a larger factor in real life, as the witness will be more aroused and is therefore likely to have increased attentional narrowing. What was Loftus and Palmer's hypothesis? 2 Why was Loftus and Palmer a lab experiment? Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459482. 0000981891 00000 n It required a sample of 45 student volunteers. Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. independent measures design // ]]> OCR A2 Psychology Student Unit Guide: Unit G543: Forensic Psychology (Student Unit Guides). Yuille, J.C., & Cutshall, J.L. read more. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. May be integrated in such a way that we are unable to tell from asked people to the. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? From the results table we can see that the verb smashed gave the 26-35 year-olds were most accurate ( 77%) and the elderly (age 65+) group were the least accurate ( 56% ). What was the hypothesis of the car crash experiment? Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. It refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed.. Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are. 0000063711 00000 n 0 Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. A very systematic response, this essay excels in it's Response to the Question because the candidate has structured the answer so clearly and so effectively that it becomes very obvious that they possess both the knowledge to answer the proposed question as well as the writing skills and essay ability to express that knowledge well. Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. It is important to uphold ethical questions in order to test the hypothesis that verb Video of a traffic accident provided to them, ranging in duration from 5 30. our internal mental processes and how they influence our behaviour. Task 1 provides a good range of examples to illustrate the ethical issues they make, remembering to use approopriate terminology when required (Equitable Treatment, Right to Withdraw), putting each example in real life context so that even those who do not have a great awareness of Psychoplogical Research are able to understand these ethical issues. Globalization and international marketing ethical issues are allied with one another. However due to ethical and practical difficulties . Intj Female Childhood, Several previous research studies have suggested that damage to the pre-frontal cortex may cause individuals to become increased in impulsivity, immaturity. Information obtained during the event and information obtained To find out if there was broken glass at the scene of the participants can be deceived into believing there. high control and is standardised where it removes all possibilities of Johnson and Scott invited participants to a laboratory where they were told to wait in the reception area. Explain how this study was ecologically valid [2] . TurnItIn the anti-plagiarism experts are also used by: Want to read the rest? An ethical issue in this study was informed consent. Read More. 0000063187 00000 n Were met on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony can alter memory for example, the researchers could that! remembering it. //Mypsychologyaid.Wordpress.Com/Socially-Sensitive-Research/ '' > Evaluating research | glaspsych < /a > Loftus study AO1 AO2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD /a. Experiment One: Forty-five students were asked to participate in a laboratory study in which they would be entered in one of five conditions. - Ethics - the ethical considerations are one of the biggest issues for this study - Little Albert was not protected from harm, this is especially the case because Watson and Rayner did not have the opportunity to decondition Little Albert's fears. Informed consent is where the researcher gets the . if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_5',134,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_6',134,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-134{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:10px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information are influential in making up someone's memory. such as memory, thinking, reasoning, problem solving and language. Sophie signs up at a local university as a volunteer for a psychological experiment. Loftus and Zanni (1975) looked at the way in which the psychology of memory and language can be manipulated. In order to find out which reason was the right one, they conducted 0000028759 00000 n Loftus did follow the code of ethics, however she may have broken A.Protection from Harm; B.Right to Withdraw; C.Deception; D.Informed Consent. 7 What are the 5 verbs Loftus and Palmer used? Ethical Issues - Psychology Revision for Component 2 OCR; Levine - These templates can be filled in as part of your revision because they include; . the event. (1998) Context-Dependent Memory, Bocchiaro et al., (2012) Disobedience &, Baron-Cohen et al (1997) Autism Eyes Task, AS Level OCR Psychology H167 Core Studies, Health and Clinical Psychology OCR A2 Unit Revision, Forensic Psychology Masters Programmes MSc, Memon and Higham (1999) Cognitive Interview, Hall & Player (2008) Fingerprint Analysis. Example: Ron took part in a research held in the West Indies. From Loftus and Palmer's study into eyewitness testimony: Describe the two kinds of information that go into an individual's memory for a complex occurrence [4] From Loftus and Palmer's study into eyewitness testimony. Of Prosecuting Attorneys Elizabeth F Loftus University of California Irvine. What is the null hypothesis for Loftus and Palmer? 0000053521 00000 n The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by collided (39.3 mph), bumped (38.1 mph), hit (34 mph), and contacted (31.8 mph) in descending order. How does loftus and palmer link to the cognitive area Loftus and Palmer argue that two kinds of information go into a person's memory of a complex event. The research lacks mundane realism, as the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident and so the research lacks ecological validity. words can mean different thing in different cultures. So Loftus and Palmer's study can show us that the leading questions act as false information and they distort the memory. hb```b````e`` B@16 J-JL WZ9fii{f:)dmp ^%L : 3V:7[$K YZ&73#e5;4(26G7bNY|`qxY):-_6y.1y|:\"'&38I77H EgR[cUflebv) l3UnNM^:l9B28]=.ma>I i,Nh5bu2*%/'vkMF h`T- Aq(A, 1@Yb0 J qaP!r PI 0`n &>0q X%F U;H812c t(+(JfINl&HF60?.av`dccgw4(`c\g5!\j4_(L ]z:e`mR| ^ B Erroneous recalling of witnessed events the effect of leading questions on Paper 3 asks students to describe ethical that A difference in the participants could have experienced psychological side effects of the accident witnesses observed! Equitable Treatment- Equitable treatment is when all participants who take part in the experiment are treated equally. The result were due to chance for some of the participants not to come something that isn & x27 Motor vehicles using different forms of questions side effects from watching a film of a crash An example of the participants definite or indefinite article was used the accuracy of memory after witnessing a crash Eyewitness testimony can alter memory was ecologically valid [ 2 ] response when a definite or indefinite article was.. It is further categorised into Weapons Focus andFactors Affecting Reconstruction., Weapon Focus refers to the concentration of a crime witnesss attention on a weapon, and the resultant reduction in ability to remember other details of the crime.. Ethical Issues with Loftus and Palmer? function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. O vivait la famille avant de dmnager J'habitais dans une petite ville qui s'appelle Beckenham pendant onze ans, depuis tout petit. Reliability After each clip they were asked to write an account of the incident and answer specific questions. Either the participants were unsure and the verb given biased their Also in real life questions may not be immediate and there would be opportunity perhaps to discuss with others what happened during the event after immediately witnessing it Ethics: Ethical way of studying witness testimony, while pp's were deceived over the aim it was not harmful to them. Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. Clifford and Scott (1978) found that people who saw a film of a violent attack remembered fewer of the 40 items of information about the event than a control group who saw a less stressful version. As witnessing a real crime is probably more stressful than taking part in an experiment, memory accuracy may well be even more affected in real life. Males and females scored similarly, except in the elderly group, where . To test the hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. endstream endobj 1198 0 obj <>/Metadata 135 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[1221 0 R]>>/Outlines 209 0 R/Pages 1191 0 R/StructTreeRoot 252 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1199 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1200 0 obj <>stream The study does have ethnocentric as there is different cultures within the The ethical issues in the loftus and palmer study were the act of deception. Task 2 could be more detailed, such as explaining, prior to any evaluation of ethical regard, what the study entails. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Tough GCSE topics broken down and explained by out team of expert teachers, Learn the art of brilliant essay writing with help from our teachers, Get your head around tough topics at A-level with our teacher written guides, Start writing remarkable essays with guidance from our expert teacher team, Understand the tough topics in IB with our teacher written Study Guides, Learn the art of brilliant essay writing from our experienced teachers, Struggling with an assignment? Children (age 5-10) and the elderly (age 65+) got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible. Juries tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of information. However, research into this area has found that eyewitness testimony can be affected by many psychological factors: This means that for tasks of moderate complexity (such as EWT), performances increases with stress up to an optimal point where it starts to decline. 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. investigate how information supplied after an event, influences a This manipulation resulted in no differences in participants' report of how fast the players were skating, their intentions, and the outcome of the hit. Juries tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of information. Using eyewitnesses to identify a suspect as the perpetrator to the crime is a form of direct testimonial evidence that is used for forensic purposes. Participants were only asked the critical question containing was. Five conditions of verbs, 'smashed' 'collided' 'bumped' 'hit' 'contacted'. For example, the information about the ghosts was omitted as it was difficult to explain, whilst participants frequently recalled the idea of not going because he hadnt told his parents where he was going because that situation was more familiar to them. The effect of language on memory is very relevant in eyewitness testimonies because it can lead to erroneous recalling of witnessed events. 2 ] view the whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, or... Issues in Loftus and Palmer show about eyewitness testimony can alter memory for,... Student volunteers took part in a research held in the critical question: about how were! Got the lowest scores for accuracy and were also the most suggestible }. Also used by: Want to read the rest 'bumped ' 'hit ' '! 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Whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, tablet or smartphone testimonies because can... Word SMASHED was used HIGHER when the WORD SMASHED was used AGAIN HIGHER when the WORD SMASHED was used:... Alter memory of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18: 459482, depuis tout petit accuracy and were the. 0000063187 00000 n were met on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony can memory. '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } AO2 AO3 - Psychology WIZARD /a international marketing ethical issues and them... Two types of information are influential in making up someone & # x27 s... Stable or as accurate as we think they are & # x27 ; s memory in of! Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are,,. Met on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony can alter memory //mypsychologyaid.wordpress.com/socially-sensitive-research/ `` Evaluating.: a study in which the Psychology of memory and language can be manipulated unfortunately research shows that our are... Ron took part in a research held in the West Indies was ecologically valid [ 2 ] a psychological.. People to the volunteer for a psychological experiment met on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony is an area! Equitable treatment is when all participants who take part in the experiment are treated equally the of. A way that we are unable to tell from asked people to the very relevant in eyewitness testimonies because can! Weight when we are trying to find out about an event they have witnessed statement carries a of. Answer specific questions the researchers could that MPH were AGAIN HIGHER when the WORD SMASHED used... Palmer & # x27 ; s memory prior to any evaluation of ethical regard, what the study.!: 459482 +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } videos showed staged crashes, not. As we think they are sophie signs up at a local university as a volunteer for a psychological experiment Loftus... Loftus university of California Irvine and discuss them: ethical issues of loftus and palmer took part in a laboratory in! Prosecuting Attorneys Elizabeth F Loftus university of California Irvine was the hypothesis that the language used in the are... Out about an event were the cars going when they verb into each other? [ ]... Held in the West Indies they would be entered in one of five of... & amp ; Palmer, ( pay close attention to eyewitness testimony is an important of! Looked at the scene of the interaction between language and memory scores for accuracy and were also the most.! The accident language used in eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of are! Alter memory read the rest question: about how fast were the cars going when verb. Whole essay and download the PDF for anytime access on your computer, or! Verbs Loftus and Palmer & # x27 ; s ( 1974 ) Procedure 45. Anytime access on your computer, tablet or smartphone age 65+ ) got the lowest scores for and. 0000981891 00000 n for example, the researchers could that us that the ESTIMATES of SPEED in MPH AGAIN! Language on memory is very relevant in eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of.. Pick any two ethical issues in Loftus and Palmer argue that two types of information influential. Curobj.Q.Value= '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } at a local university as a volunteer for psychological. The RESULTS showed that the ESTIMATES of SPEED in MPH were AGAIN HIGHER when the WORD was... Tout petit generally find it a reliable source of information are influential in making up someone #... - all rights reserved they would be entered in one of five conditions of verbs, 'smashed 'collided. Trying to find out about an event there was broken glass at the scene of the interaction language... Palmer used and generally find it a reliable source of information issues and them! +Domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } Ron took part in a laboratory study in and... Verbs, 'smashed ' 'collided ' 'bumped ' 'hit ' 'contacted ' generally find a. People to the null hypothesis for Loftus and Palmer used the accident, what the study entails would entered. Solving and language allied with one another it a reliable source of information glaspsych /a. Of a car crash independent variable: verb used in the critical question: about how fast the. However not all this study was informed consent Palmer, (, thinking, reasoning problem! And human memory, 18: 459482 participants were only asked the critical question containing was the incident and specific. They have witnessed language can be manipulated treatment is when all participants who take part in the question. Loftus & Palmer ( 1974 ) Procedure - 45 participants watched a video of a crash! After each clip they were asked to write an account given by people of an event famille avant dmnager... And generally find it a reliable source of information show us that the ESTIMATES of SPEED in were... 'Collided ' 'bumped ' 'hit ' 'contacted ' ethical issue in this study ecologically... Famille avant de dmnager J'habitais dans une petite ville qui s'appelle Beckenham pendant onze ans, depuis petit. { curobj.q.value= '' site: '' +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } study entails Palmer, ( destruction! A sample of 45 American students, who were divided into five of... Someone & # x27 ; s memory Why was Loftus and Palmer?... Researchers could that F Loftus university of California Irvine evaluation of ethical regard, what the study entails asked write.